Mcgregors 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, had a profound influence on education practices. Sep 02, 2015 application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The human side of enterprise consists of 3 parts and is in total about 250 pages. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Motivation theory x and theory y free management ebooks. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y.
Oct 21, 2017 mcgregor s theory of motivation presentation by anisur rehman theory x theory y marketing lecture series marketing lecture in hindi marketing lecture in hindienglish marketing lecture marketing. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to. See the full list of leadership skills ebooks, templates and checklists available for free download right now.
Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Mcgregor theory x and y pdf the xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are adaptations of mcgregors ideas for modern organizations, management and. Gregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. The relationship between mcgregor s x y theory management style and fulfillment of psychological contract. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Jul 08, 2017 the points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. There are harsh punishments for employees who break the rules and there are rewards for employees that go above their responsibilities. Feb 16, 2006 first published in 1960, the human side of enterprise has become a worldwide management bible. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. In the 1960s douglas mcgregor a social psychologist of mit developed two well known contrasting theories on human motivation and management theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that.
Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y team management training from. He is best known for his theory x and theory y, which splits corporate thinking into two camps. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. Nov 30, 2016 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management approach, and this break new ground for argument that employees of an organization are not merely cogs in the machinery of. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Sep 09, 2016 douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Douglas mcgregor on theory x and theory y gary tremolada. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other.
Warren bennis, leadership expert, researcher, author, and educator, said of mcgregor, just as every economist, knowingly or not, pays his dues to keynes, we are all, one way or another, disciples of mcgregor. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. The first part introduces the concepts of theory x and theory y. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation. A typical theory y manager is democratic, peopleoriented, approachable, openminded, and secure. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory x. To develop your understanding of mcgregors xy theory, complete the free mcgregor xy theory test pdf, or doc version, which indicates whether your organisation is more theoryx or theoryy, as well as indicating your own or the particular individuals preference to be managed by x or y style. The following study addresses douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y management.
Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. According to the economist 2008 he was not necessarily the first. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregor s theorizing as theory x y. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book. Douglas mcgregor s revolutionary theory y which contends that individuals are selfmotivated and selfdirected influenced major management gurus such as peter drucker and warren bennis. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of enterprise, yet still today his ideas continue to be misunderstood and misused. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation.
Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. In the book the human side of enterprise, mcgregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and selfcontrol, which he called theory x and theory y, respectively. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. He contributed much to the development of management and motivational theory. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Oct 08, 2006 theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, and organizational development. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect.
Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Learn how douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y can help you think about team member motivation. The traditional view of direction and control theory x is based on the assumptions that. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid.
Mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Douglas mcgregor management gurus theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings.
Even today in 20, only a few companies are truly adopting theory y assumptions, but it is a start and hopefully a start towards a more human workplace. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Aug 31, 2015 in his book the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed 2 contrasting theories on employee motivation. He is responsible for breaking down previous management styles with the x and y theory which created a. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x.
Theory x management style is the management style for this theory needs to be strict and controlling. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe.
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